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Overview of the life of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, and theatre entrepreneur in London during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. He was baptised on 26 April 1564[a] in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, in the Holy Trinity Church. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway with whom he had three children. He died in his home boondocks of Stratford on 23 April 1616, aged 52. Though more than is known nigh Shakespeare'due south life than those of most other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the light of his social status as a commoner, the low esteem in which his profession was held, and the general lack of involvement of the time in the personal lives of writers.[2] [3] [4] [five] [6] Information about his life derives from public rather than individual documents: vital records, real estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his works in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies have been written and more go along to be, near of which rely on inferences and the historical context of the 70 or so hard facts recorded about Shakespeare the homo, a technique that sometimes leads to embellishment or unwarranted interpretation of the documented tape.[7] [viii]

Early on life [edit]

Family unit origins [edit]

William Shakespeare[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. His exact appointment of birth is not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—simply has been traditionally taken to be 23 April 1564, which is also the Feast Day of Saint George, the patron saint of England. He was the first son and the beginning surviving child in the family; two before children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.[nine] Then a market boondocks of virtually 2000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a middle for the marketing, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt to brewers of ale and beer.

His parents were John Shakespeare, a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the youngest girl of John's begetter's landlord, a member of the local gentry. The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was born, purportedly in a house at present known equally Shakespeare'due south Birthplace. They had viii children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (bap. 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (bap. xiii October 1566 – bur. 2 February 1612), Joan (bap. 15 Apr 1569 – bur. iv November 1646), Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. four April 1579), Richard (bap. 11 March 1574 – bur. iv February 1613) and Edmund (bap. iii May 1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).[10]

Shakespeare'south family was above average materially during his childhood. His father'southward business was thriving at the fourth dimension of William's birth. John Shakespeare owned several properties in Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in wool. He was appointed to several municipal offices and served every bit an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term as bailiff, the chief magistrate of the town council, in 1568. For reasons unclear to history he fell upon hard times, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.[11] He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in wool and for usury, and he mortgaged and later lost some lands he had obtained through his married woman's inheritance that would accept been inherited by his eldest son. After iv years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced every bit burgess in 1586.

Boyhood and instruction [edit]

A close analysis of Shakespeare'due south works compared with the standard curriculum of the time confirms that Shakespeare had received a grammar school teaching.[12] [13] [14] [fifteen] [16] The King Edward VI School at Stratford was on Church Street, less than a quarter of a mile from Shakespeare's domicile and within a few yards from where his father sat on the town council. It was costless to all male children and the evidence indicates that John Shakespeare sent his sons there for a grammar school educational activity, though no attendance records survive. Shakespeare would accept been enrolled when he was 7, in 1571.[17] [12] Classes were held every day except on Sundays, with a half-day off on Thursdays, twelvemonth-round. The schoolhouse solar day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.chiliad., with a two-hour intermission for tiffin, from 7 a.grand. to 4 p.m. in winter.

Grammer schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the grammar curriculum was standardised by royal decree throughout England,[xviii] [nineteen] and the schoolhouse would accept provided an intensive didactics in Latin grammar and literature—"equally expert a formal literary training equally had whatever of his contemporaries".[xx] Most of the day was spent in the rote learning of Latin. By the time he was 10, Shakespeare was translating Cicero, Terence, Virgil and Ovid. As a part of this education, the students performed Latin plays to better understand rhetoric. By the cease of their studies at age 14, grammar schoolhouse pupils were quite familiar with the smashing Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.[21]

Shakespeare is unique amidst his contemporaries in the extent of figurative linguistic communication derived from country life and nature.[22] The familiarity with the animals and plants of the English countryside exhibited in his poems and plays, peculiarly the early ones, suggests that he lived the childhood of a typical country boy, with easy access to rural nature and a propensity for outdoor sports, especially hunting.[23] [24] [25]

Marriage [edit]

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence to ally Anne Hathaway, the girl of the late Richard Hathaway, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, nigh a mile west of Stratford (the clerk mistakenly recorded the proper name "Anne Whateley").[26] He was xviii and she was 26. The licence, issued past the consistory court of the diocese of Worcester, 21 miles due west of Stratford, allowed the two to marry with only 1 proclamation of the marriage banns in church building instead of the customary three successive Sundays.[27]

Since he was nether historic period and could non stand up equally surety, and since Hathaway's father had died, two of Hathaway'south neighbours - Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson - posted a bond of £40 the next 24-hour interval to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the matrimony; that the bride had the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the bishop issuing the licence from whatever possible liability for the wife and any children should whatever impediment nullify the marriage.[28] [29] Neither the exact day, nor place, of their spousal relationship is not known.

The reason for the special licence became apparent vi months later with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children - a son Hamnet and a daughter Judith (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) were baptised on ii February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 years of age.

Lost years [edit]

After the baptism of the twins in 1585, and except for being political party to a lawsuit to recover function of his mother'southward estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakespeare leaves no historical traces until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him as office of the London theatrical scene in 1592. This seven-year period - known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars - was filled by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions and by more than contempo biographers with surmises about the onset of his acting career deduced from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records of the various troupes of players, interim at that time. While this lack of records confined whatsoever certainty virtually his activity during those years, it is certain that past the time of Greene's attack on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare had acquired a reputation as an actor and burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths [edit]

Shakespeare Earlier Thomas Lucy, a typical Victorian illustration of the poaching anecdote

Several hypotheses take been put along to account for his life during this time, and a number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

Co-ordinate to Shakespeare'southward first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in problem for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy, and that he then wrote a scurrilous ballad nearly Lucy. It is too reported, according to a note added past Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London. Johnson adds that the story had been told to Alexander Pope by Rowe.[xxx]

In his Brief Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the country" on the authorisation of William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare in Every Human being in His Humour (1598) as a fellow fellow member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men.[31]

Afterward speculation [edit]

In 1985 E.A.J Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted as a schoolmaster in Lancashire,[32] on the evidence found in the 1581 will of a fellow member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-wearing apparel and asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to have intendance of "William Shakeshaft, at present dwelling with me". Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, recommended the fellow.

Another idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after the sudden expiry of role player William Knell in a fight while on a bout which later took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Perchance Shakespeare took Knell'southward place and thus found his way to London and phase-country."[33] Shakespeare'southward male parent John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the acceptance and welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.[34]

London and theatrical career [edit]

Shakespeare'due south signature, from his will

Though Shakespeare is known today primarily as a playwright and poet, his main occupation was as a player and sharer in an acting troupe. How or when Shakespeare got into acting is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a society that could accept established restrictions on new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the field in the Elizabethan era.[35] [36]

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to see professional playing companies in his youth. Before beingness allowed to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to present their play before the town council to be licensed. Players start acted in Stratford in 1568, the year that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Earlier Shakespeare turned 20, the Stratford town council had paid for at least 18 performances past at least 12 playing companies. In one playing season solitary, that of 1586–87, five unlike acting troupes visited Stratford.[37] [38]

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is every bit well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of yous: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's middle wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare'southward Henry VI, part 3.)[39]

By belatedly 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing company, known equally the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the flow, the visitor took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group became so popular that, afterward the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the company, which then became known as the King'southward Men, after the expiry of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works are written within the frame of reference of the career actor, rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.[c]

The Shakespeare family unit had long sought armorial bearings and the status of gentleman. William'due south father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a married woman of proficient birth, was eligible for a glaze of arms and applied to the College of Heralds, but manifestly his worsening financial condition prevented him from obtaining information technology. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, near probably at the instigation of William himself as he was the more than prosperous at the time. The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, but information technology was not used on whatever armorial displays that have survived. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.[41]

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen'south, Bishopsgate, and past 1598 he appeared at the top of a listing of actors in Every Man in His Sense of humour written by Ben Jonson. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Also past 1598, his proper name began to appear on the championship pages of his plays, presumably as a selling indicate.[ citation needed ]

There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business and financial details as part-owner of the company, continued to act in various parts, such equally the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in Every bit You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V.[42]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark old around 1599. In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord'southward daughter. Legal documents from 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London in 1604. Mountjoy'southward amateur Stephen Bellott wanted to ally Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted equally a become-between, to help negotiate the terms of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part of the dowry. During the Bellott five Mountjoy example i witness, in a deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of his daughter. Then Shakespeare was called to testify, and co-ordinate to the record, said that Belott was "a very expert and industrious servant". Shakespeare so contradicted the deposition, and testified that it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited and encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to ally the Mountjoy's daughter. When information technology came to specifics nigh the size of the dowry and promised inheritance due the daughter, Shakespeare did not remember. A second fix of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to testify again, but that appears not to take happened. The example was then turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church for arbitration.[43]

Business organisation affairs [edit]

By the early 17th century, Shakespeare had get very prosperous. Almost of his money went to secure his family'south position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to have lived in rented adaptation while in London. According to John Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his family for a flow each year.[44] Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Identify, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill. The Stratford chamberlain'south accounts in 1598 record a sale of stone to the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been related to remodelling work on the newly purchased house.[45] The purchase was thrown into doubt when show emerged that Underhill, who died shortly after the auction, had been poisoned by his oldest son, but the sale was confirmed past the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of age in 1602.[46]

In 1598 the local council ordered an investigation into the hoarding of grain, as there had been a run of bad harvests causing a steep increase in prices. Speculators were acquiring excess quantities in the hope of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare'south household, recording that he possessed ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted every bit testify that he was listed as a hoarder. Others argue that Shakespeare's holding was not unusual. According to Marker Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, and the vicar, Mr. Byfield, had six of his own and four of his sister's".[45] Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, all the same, advise that he purchased the malt equally an investment, since he later on sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, for an unpaid debt for xx bushels of malt.[45] Bruce Boehrer argues that the auction to Rogers, over six installments, was a kind of "wholesale to retail" organisation, since Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the malt every bit raw material for his products.[45] Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford every bit the keeper of a not bad house, the owner of large gardens and granaries, a human with generous stores of barley which 1 could purchase, at demand, for a price. In short, he had become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and agronomical products, an aspect of his identity further enhanced past his investments in local farmland and subcontract produce.[47]

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were country holdings and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to the north of the boondocks. He bought a share in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, likewise every bit from wool, lamb and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at controlling as much as possible of the local grain marketplace", a strategy that was highly successful.[47] In 1614 Shakespeare'southward profits were potentially threatened past a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take control of common land in Welcombe, part of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded a conversation with Shakespeare most the upshot. Shakespeare said he believed the enclosure would not go through, a prediction that turned out to be correct. Greene also recorded that Shakespeare had told Greene's brother that "I was not able to bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from the context whether Shakespeare is speaking of his ain feelings, or referring to Thomas'due south opposition.[d]

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an apartment in a gatehouse in the sometime Blackfriars priory;[51] The Gatehouse was nigh Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare'due south company used as their winter playhouse from 1608. The purchase was probably an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and the apartment was rented out to one John Robinson. Robinson may be the same man recorded as a labourer in Stratford, in which case it is possible he worked for Shakespeare. He may exist the same John Robinson who was ane of the witnesses to Shakespeare'south volition.[52]

After years and expiry [edit]

Rowe was the starting time biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years earlier his death;[53] but retirement from all piece of work was uncommon at that time,[54] and Shakespeare connected to visit London. In 1612 he was chosen equally a witness in the Bellott five Mountjoy case.[55] [56] A year later he was back in London to make the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare'south daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, a local human who claimed she had defenseless gonorrhea from a lover. Susanna and her husband Dr John Hall sued for slander. Lane failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Shakespeare was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.[57]

In the concluding few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the homo who was to ally his younger daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local church court with "fornication". A adult female named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a child and claimed information technology was Quiney's; she and the child both died soon subsequently. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his volition to ensure that Judith's interest in his estate was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney'southward part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed day of his birth and the banquet day of St. George, patron of England), at the reputed age of 52.[e] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself every bit being in "perfect health". No extant gimmicky source explains how or why he died. After half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, information technology seems, drank too difficult, for Shakespeare died of a fever in that location contracted."[58] [59] It is certainly possible he caught a fever after such a coming together, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come from fellow authors, one — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that one thousand went'st so before long / From the earth's phase to the grave'south tiring room."[60]

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had died in 1596. His concluding surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna and John Hall. There are no direct descendants of the poet and playwright alive today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be believed Shakespeare's actual son. Davenant'southward mother was the wife of a vintner at the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the route betwixt London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling between his abode and the capital letter.[61]

Shakespeare'south gravestone.

Shakespeare is cached in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted the accolade of burial in the chancel not considering of his fame every bit a playwright just because he had purchased a share of the tithe in the church for £440 (a considerable sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placed by his family,[62] features a bosom showing Shakespeare posed in the act of writing. Every yr, on his assumed birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the writing hand of the bust. He is believed to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.[63]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blest be the human that spares these stones,
And cursed exist he that moves my basic.

Run into also [edit]

  • Shakespeare'south Way
  • Religious views of William Shakespeare
  • Reputation of William Shakespeare

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare'south lifespan, but with the get-go of the year adapted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Nether the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May, 1616[1]
  2. ^ Also spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan times was not fixed and absolute. Run across Spelling of Shakespeare's name.
  3. ^ William Neilson, in his book The Facts most Shakespeare (1915), writes: "Records handsomely establish the identity betwixt Shakespeare the histrion and the writer. ... The extent of observation and cognition in the plays is, indeed, remarkable simply information technology is not accompanied past any indication of thorough scholarship, or a detailed connection with any profession outside of the theater...".[40]
  4. ^ Schoenbaum concludes that "whatsoever attempt to translate the passage is guesswork, and no more".[48] Lois Potter suggests that the discussion "bear" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—significant that Greene would not be able to stop the enclosure. [49] [l]
  5. ^ His historic period and the date are inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 Dice 23 Apr.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. xv.
  2. ^ Bate 1998, p. four.
  3. ^ Southworth 2000, p. 5.
  4. ^ Wells 1997, pp. four–v.
  5. ^ Bryson 2007, pp. 17–19.
  6. ^ Halliwell-Phillipps 1907, pp. 5–half dozen.
  7. ^ Holderness 2011, p. 19.
  8. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 10–eleven.
  9. ^ Potter 2012, pp. 1, 10.
  10. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 1–2.
  11. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 13.
  12. ^ a b Honan 1999, p. 43.
  13. ^ Potter 2012, p. 48.
  14. ^ Bate 1998, p. 8.
  15. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63.
  16. ^ Ellis 2012, p. 41.
  17. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 63.
  18. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183.
  19. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29.
  20. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 117, 663.
  21. ^ Bate 1998, pp. 83–87.
  22. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 287.
  23. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 254, 545.
  24. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 42–43.
  25. ^ Spurgeon 2004, pp. 30–31.
  26. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 11.
  27. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 75–79.
  28. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 43–46.
  29. ^ Loomis 2002, pp. 17–18.
  30. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 75.
  31. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111.
  32. ^ Honigmann 1985, pp. 41–48.
  33. ^ Schoenbaum 1979, p. 43.
  34. ^ Pierce 2006, p. three.
  35. ^ Bentley 1984, p. 6.
  36. ^ Ingram 2000, p. 155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIngram2000 (aid)
  37. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 15.
  38. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 115.
  39. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 151–158.
  40. ^ Neilson 1915, pp. 164–165.
  41. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 76–86.
  42. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 234–236.
  43. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 337-339.
  44. ^ Honan 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d Boehrer 2013, pp. 88–89.
  46. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 234.
  47. ^ a b Boehrer 2013, p. 90.
  48. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 284–285.
  49. ^ Potter 2012, p. 404.
  50. ^ Palmer & Palmer 1999, p. 96.
  51. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 272–274.
  52. ^ Pogue 2006, pp. 42–43.
  53. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 476.
  54. ^ Honan 1999, pp. 382–383.
  55. ^ Honan 1999, p. 326.
  56. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464.
  57. ^ Honan 1999, p. 387.
  58. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78.
  59. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453.
  60. ^ Kinney 2012, p. 11.
  61. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 224–227.
  62. ^ Holderness 2001, pp. 152–154.
  63. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 306–307.

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  • Schoenbaum, S. (1979). Shakespeare: The World & the Globe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-nineteen-502645-four.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1987). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN978-0-19-505161-ii.
  • Schoenbaum, South. (1991). Shakespeare's Lives (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN0-19-818618-five.
  • Schoone-Jongen, Terence (2008). Shakespeare's Companies: William Shakespeare's Early on Career and the Interim Companies, 1577-1594. Studies in Performance and Early Modern Drama. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6434-five.
  • Southworth, John (2000). Shakespeare the Player: A Life in the Theatre. Sutton. ISBN978-0-7509-2312-5.
  • Spurgeon, Caroline (2004). Shakespeare's Imagery and What Information technology Tells Us. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN0-521-06538-0.
  • Wells, Stanley (1997). Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: W. Westward. Norton. ISBN0-393-31562-2.

External links [edit]

  • Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his ain time.
  • The Internet Shakespeare Editions provides an all-encompassing department on his life and times.
  • The Shakespeare Resource Centre A directory of Spider web resources for online Shakespearean study. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and language resources.
  • Documenting the Early on Years and Documenting the After Years are two interactive articles written by Michael Wood.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare

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